Process of making gas.



, Patented Nov. 14, 1911 3 SEE iTS-SHEET 1 .0 in H H. L. DOHERTY.

. PROCESS OF MAKING GAS.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 22, 1909v 1,008,450.

rlTllllllll lllll 13 Hines- M Patented Nov. 14, I911.

' 3 SHEETS--SHEET 2.

Henr L. Dnh'erTy,

@5011 @Hlomu M J zz H. L. DOHERTY. PROCESS 01" MAKING GAS.

APPLIQATION FILED JUNE 22, 1909.

wi'tweooeo:

H. L. DOHERTY.

PROCESS OF MAKING GAS.

APPLICATION FILED mm: 22, 1909.

I Patentd N01. 14, 1911 3 SHEETHSHEET 3.

Henry L DnherTy.

(1110a when UNITED STATES rATENT. OFFICE."

HENRY-L. DOHERTY, or NEW Yoax, N. Y.-

PROCESS or Maxine ens.

Application filed June 22, i909 Serial No. 503,747;

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, HENRY L. DoHER'rY, a citizen of the United States, residing at New York city. in the county of New York and State of New York, have invented new and useful Improvements in Processes of Making Gas, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to processes for gasifying bituminous slack, and particularly to that kind of such processes in which the bituminous slack is subjected to a preliminary cokingv operatibn and the volatile. of the coking operation passed products downward through a deep bed of coke from previously .coked slack.

I The particular ob]ect of my invention is the furnishing of a method whereby slack bituminous coal of {fuel in the gas producer of the depth customary in practice.

5 a With the processes of gasificat-ion in producers, at present in use, it is, practically,

impossible to use slack or fine coal as the fuel, owing to the tendency of the slack to pack and cake. This causes the formation of a dense impenetrable layer of material in the upper portion of the fuel bed which the penetration of the blast, which, in turn,

cuts ofi: the draft: of the gaseous current therethrough necessitating the use of an abnormally high blast pressure to insure causes a disarrangement of the gasifying process, quality. Besides, in the ordinary updraft reducer, the high percentage of ash of easy usibility inmost forms of slack coal, makes its use impossible owing to the excessive formation of cl inkers'.

In the herein-revealed process of gasification, I accomplish the above mentioned obto a coking temperatureimmediately upon its entry into theproducer chamber by burning a portion of'the gas made in the upper;

part of said chamber in immediate contact -with the.latest charged layer of fuel in said chamber. B this treatment,.the fineslack is quickly co ed with-the formation of come paratively lar e aggregates. The coking is;

accompanied. y an initial swelling of'the may be gasified, in such away as to permit of theuse of a bed with. a low make of gas of poorectby subjecting the freshly charged slack.

designate, 10.

-mit of access to the fuel bell for t mass, followed by a contraction, whichcauses a cracking and, fissuring of the masses, first formed. B ,usin comparatively small charges an charging at frequent intervals, I am able, in this way, to keep the fuel bed in an open conditiomthe coked slack being in comparatively large pieces, thus leaving a due proportion of voids in the fuel bed. lhe combustion gases from the gas flame, the. excess air and the distillation gases from theraw coal, are

drawn down into the fuel bed, and react.

I on the-line EF of Fig. 2 locking toward the gas discharge end.

1, designates the gas producer, 2 is an apparatus for vaporizing water. andpreheating the air-Water vapor current supplied to the, roducer. 1

3, is an .e auster haying its-.suction-pipe connected wi the recuperator. The gas producer has a metal shell, 4, with an inverted truncated conical shell, 5, attached to its .interior near thebottom,

thereof. 5, divides 1 into an upper or gasifying chamber,'6, and. a lower or ash .chamher, 7 Supported byjis a thick refractory lining, 8, to the chamber 6. A thick dome,

45,- likewise of refractory material, rotects "the top, 9, of ,the producer from t e' high er portion temperature prevailing in the up of the gasifyin chamber, 6, w ichII will th the gas discharge'pipe of oke-holes, 11, in the top of Specification of Letters l atent. Patented $07. '14, 1911. i

the producer, closed by suitable plugs, pere purpose of barrin the same, whennecessary. S milar pokeoles, .12, around the periphery of the; chamber, 6, just abovz the oomcal bots tom thereof, permitof the barring of. the.

lower part of the fuelbed at the ash zone thereof. An opening, 13,-in the dome of bustle-pipe, 23.- I

the supply of air to the passages 21.

The ashchamber, 7, s provided with an the producer establishes communication between the chamber 6 and a charging hopper 14. 14, has a conical shaped plug, 15, o refractory material closing :1ts bottom. This plug, 15, is actuated by a lever mechanlsm, 16.

The upper portion ofthe gasifying'chamber6, which I have design ted, 10, has a plurality of passages,.17,"i n ts walls which communicate with a bustle-pipe, 18, through the short connecting pipes 19, on which are valves, 20. The bustle-pipe, 18, serves to distribute the as,--which is returned to the producer, to t e as-inlets, 17. Passages, 21, connect throu the pipes 22 withan air alves, 24, on 22, regulate ash door, 25, and has a. gas discharge-conduit, 26, conducting the'gas from the chamber 7 v of the producer to the recuperator, 2. Recuperator 2, has a metal shell, 27, with lining walls, 28 and 29, therein, walls, 30 and 3-1, divide the main chamber inclosed by the shell into three compartments. .Each of these compartments has an arch at its top -suPPOrted..hy the. walls mentioned, which arches, 33, together support the layer of nonconducting' material, 32, which prevents the loss of heat by conduction and radiation to the surrounding air. Located in these compartments are return-bend' flues, 34, 3 5 and V 36. '.'The upper sect-ions'of these flues are air, thereto.

prolonged t rough the wall of the recuperator and have dampers, 37, 38 and '39, re-

spectively, -for regulating the admission-of In'operation the air enters the flues 34, and 36,'through the dampers,

has crossconnections, 40 and 41, to the flues The flues 34- andmentioned, and passes down throu h the recuperator'; The lowest section of t e flue 35 34 and 36, respectively.

I 36 areprolonged'throu'gh the wall of the rehorizontal sub-flues.

cuperator and connected by the pipes, 42 and 43, with the main hot air pipe, 44,- which conducts the hot air to the air bustle-pipe, 23..

Each of the three compartments or stalls of the rec'uperator 2 .is-subdivided-by archshaped tiles, 46, supported by ledges,-" 47,

formed by letting rows of the bricks of which 'the wall is" formed project; The com artments are'thus subdivided into substantially By omitting one or --mo're'of the 'tiles, 46, at alternate ends of adiacent sub-flues,"communicati0n is establis 49 and 50, respectively, the said return-bend.

flues envelopingthe air flues, 34, 35 and 36. Flues, 30 and'31, in the walls30 {and 31,

' respectively, establish a cross-connection bean'd50. The gas conduit 26 communicates tween the lowest, sections of the flues 48, 49

late the flow of water t 'rial, is charged into; the

' about the level of the poke-holes, 12.

with the lowest section of 49, and throu h 30 and 31 with 48 and 50, respective y.

The uppermost sections of 48, 49 and 50 "have across-connection through the flues- 30" and 31' in the walls 30 and 31. A pipe,

,151, connects with the passage, 52, opening out of the up ermost section of 49. This pipe 51, con ucts thecom arat-iye'ly cool gas irom the recuperator to t e exhauster, 3. The dischar e-pipe, 53, of the exhauster has .a valve or amper, 53', and opening outof it below the damper, 53', a pipe, 54. Thispipe,.54, is connected with the gas bustlepipe, 18.

To the uppermost sections of the air flues 34, 35 and 36 are connected water pipes, 55, 56 and 57, which latter are all connected with the common service pipe, 58; Valves, 55, 56"and 57 on the res ective pipes re uiierethrough. bstructions, or dams, 59, in each section of the air flues serve'to retain a shallow layer of water in the section when water is supplied thereto. Arches, 60, at either end of the sub-flues'of the gas flues 48, 49 and 50,

serve to-furnishsupport tothe sections of the air flues. The space at each end'of each section of the sub-flues of 48, 49 and 50' between the ,shell and the ends of the sections of 34, 35 and 36 is. filled in with blocks, 61, of some good non-conducting, refractory material; Openings, 62,a re provided in the shell-of the recu erator, opposite each end of each section 0 the sub-flues of 48, 49 and 59, provided" withcovers, 63. Slabs oflagging, 64, cover each of the doors or covers 63, and a j'acket, 65, the remainder of the' shell.

Valves, 66 and 67, on 44 and 54, respectively,- and 26' on 26 serve to cut 011' communication between the gas producer, 1, and

bank .the former during a "temporary shutdown or, to repair the apparatus.

The method of operation is as follows: To- I start theproducer, cinder, or other mate roducer until a bedof such material has een' built u to is now charge until a thick bed has been built up in the chamber 6, reaching to the now placed u n thetop of-the fuel bed, the

valves 24, 53. fit-nil 26 and dampers 37,38 4

and 39 are oyliglliled' and the exhauster, 3, started. 4 The dling is now ignited, the hot' combustion the recuperator, and out'fromthe latter by the latter throughthe pi e, 53, and thence through a valve bleeder not shown to the oke ases being drawn down-" v through the fuel ed in chamber 6, through the pipe 26 'andthe flues 48, 49 and 500i 52-and 51 to the exhauster, discharging-from 105 the recuperator, 2, when it is desired to x I "at'inos here. As thecombustion penetrates I into t e fuel bed, the character of the gas changes from one containing, principally, CO, and N to onecontaining, principally,

chamber.

apoauo CO and Njor, in other .words, to a producer gas. When thiscondition has been attained the valves 20 and.67 are partlyopened, per Initting a portion of the gas passing through 53, to pass through 54,18 and the passages 17 and 19, into the combustion chamber, 10.

The. high temperature prevailing in 10 causes the ignition of the gas immediately on issuing from the passages17, the flame, under the influence of the draft produced by the exhauster, being drawn downward and into the fuel bed. The producer is now in condition to begin the normal production of gas. Raw coal-bituminous slack, for exampleis charged ontothe fuel bed and spread, if necessary, by bars introduced through the poke-holes 11. It is immediately subjected to the hightem erature prevailing in 10, and'rapidly cok The products of the combustion of the gas and the distilled matter from the coal pass down "through the incandescent coke, some of the constituents of the gases reacting with the coke. 'These reactions absorb heat from the lower portion of the fuel bed, there being a adual drop in'temperature in the fuel bed om the top thereof down into the ash In order to insure that the temperature in the lower part of the fuel bed shall be low enou h to prevent clinkering of the ash of the o1, I load'the air current supplied to the producer with afsufii'cient quantity of an agent, such as carbon-ic'acid or water, havthe average being, about, 1800. F. In re gard to the endothermic agent used, I may,

either, use flue gases from boiler or other furnaces or from the exhaust of a gas engine, containin a considerable proportion of CO Whic 'is used depends upon the quality of gas desired and upon the local conditions. Whena gashigh in hydrogen is desired. as, for instance, when the gas is to be used for high temperature work, I

usewateras the endothermic agent.- \Vhen the gas is to be used for as engines, I prefer to use products of com ustion on account of the greater uniformity. in the quality of the gas which I' am able to'secure in that way. When I use flue gas as the endothermic agent, I simply open valve 70, partially closing dampers 37 38 and 39, until the proper proportion of the gas is being drawn in with the air current to insure the maintenance of theproper'temperature giadient in my producer. i The suction of tie ex- .ha'uster is, usually, sufficient to overcome the partial vacuum in the fine 69 am. draw in the flue gas with the air. should the suction of the" exhauster be insufficient to overcome the partial vacuurr in 69, a separate draft-producing means may be used on the flue gas line, 68.

Of :ou'rse,

In the usual method of operating its producers with down-draft, thereis a Wa .8 a comparatively thick layer of raw c :)a on top .of the incandescent carbon. Now, since the depth of the fuel bed is limf ted by the risistance to the passage of the dra ft current ofiered by thetotal thickness of the fuel and ashes, it is apparent, that, in the method of workin heretofore used, theignited zone of the fuel bed has been nparatively limited. This has. resulted in a con-' siderable part of the hydrocarbons distilled off from the coal going through the f'iel bed unchanged. Likewise, in working with an up-dra the hydrocarbons of the coal are dlStlllBd ofl ata comparativelylow te nperature and, in this case, do not come into contact at all with incandescent car'bc n. In boththe usual methods of working, therefore, the use of bituminous coal 'iu producers, in connection with a recup erative system, is practically impossible, on account of the condensation of tarr' matter in the fines of the recuperator. W en the g LS is to be used for gas engines, the presence of tar is still more objectionable as it soon clogs the valves, etc., rendering operation of the engine im ossible. By my method of work-' ing, accor ing to the herein revealed process, I secure a practically complete eiminas tion ofall tarry matter from the gas. .By passing the heavy tarry va ors,'wh ch are the initial products of the-distillation of hituminous coal, through the incan iescent coke, I crack them down completely to compounds of lower molecular weight and free hydrogen, which are all, either, permanent gases (so called) or sable vapors. Many of these, such 18 benzene, ethylene, etc., possess a very high calorific and illuminating value. In the ordinary method of working, where the heavy products of the initial 'dlstillat ion are condensed from the gas, the fuel a1 idilluminating value of such compounds are lost to the gas. The presence of 1llumina31ts in a producer gas increases its practical heating effect in a greater proportion than the actual B. T. U. added to the gas. This is due to the fact that a luminous flame has a much higher heat-radiating value than 'a non-luminous flame. Besides retaining in the gas, therefore, all of the calorific value of the original coal that is practically possible, I, in my present process, somoc'ify the gas, as compared with ordinary producer gas, as to obtain greater'perc'entage efliciency or its tained with ordinary producer gas.

- ciated according to 15 When flue gas is used as the medium of 'H O (vapor). In contact with the incandescent carbon the CO of the gas is disso- The water vapor being present-in small quantity, in this case, since it is derived exclusively from the water vapor in .the' air and the hydrogeneous compounds of the coal,

is dissociated almost exclusively by the rev action,

(2) H O+C=H,+CO.' The O reacts with the C according to 2'l' 2 a since suflicient CO is mixed with the gaseous curr t to satisfy the equilibriumtenit); of C ,under the conditions in the fuel Since, according to the well known chemical laws, reactions in which gases are involved only proceed to the point wherevthe gases have attained to the equilibrium tension corresponding to the conditions under which the operation is carried on, there, is

always resent in the finished gas a small pro ortlon of C0,. 'As, in the above de' 'scri ed modification of my method. I am adding CO to the draft current supplied to the producer, I satisfy the necessary equilibrium tension of CO in the finished gas by CO, produced outside of the gas-making I fuel bed. I am, therefore, able in this modi- I ducer to CO. When it is remembered that,

fication to burn all .of the fuel in my proin ordinary producer practice, seldom less than 10% of the carbon burns to, G0,, a gas useless for combustion, the great advantage that I secure by the modification mentioned is obvious.

Since in my Letters Patent, 829,105, dated Au 521,1906, and 848,729, dated Apr. 2, I have described and claimed the use of products of combustion for endothermic control of the temperature of the fuel bed in gas producers, I only claim it herein as it forms a step in my present process.

When, for-any reason, it is desirable to use water vapor as the medium of endothermic, control instead of C0,, the reactions which take place are as follows :-As before, the draft current of air and water vapor burns the gas in 10, the gaseous, current entering practical heating value than is obthe fuel bed consisting of N 00,, o, and 'H,-O vapor. The CO, is dissociated, as before, 'by

- CO,+C=2CO.

The water, in theupper and hotterportion of the fuel bed dissociates, principally, according to I The 0 of the draft current reacts according the ordinary producer reaction,

suflicient CO being formed from the initial combustion of the as to satisfy the e uilibrium pressu're of 0 under the con itions in the fuel bed.

1 the clinkering temperature of the coal.

Having described my invention, what I claim is 1. The process of gasifying slack coal which consists char 'ng repeated small ortions of the said slac coal onto a bed of ignited coke in ages producer, said coke being derived from previous ortions of said slack, subjecting each of sai small portions of slack coal to coking by directly contacting the-same with a flame of previously made gas from said slack, whereb the said slack is formed into masses of co e, break ing up said masses of coke, introducing e draft current of air commingled with water vapor into the upper part of said gas producer above the bed of fuel in the same, whereby the combustion in the said flame is sustained and the combustible volatile matter distilled from thesaid coal slack is burned, passin the products of the said combustions an the excess of air and water -vapor downward throu h the fuel bed of said producer and with rawing the combustibliegas so 7 formed, substantially as descri slack coal 2. The process of 'gasifyin which consists in charging said coal onto a made as from said gas with t e freshly charge slack, evaporating draft said combustion downwardly through said bed of ignited fuel, and removing from the lower part of said bed the gaseous products resulting: from contacting the said air, water vapor and products of combustion with the incandescent carbon ofsaid fuel bed, substantially as described. a

3. The process of making gas in a downas J producer which consists in re-' peated y char ing small portions of slack coal onto the el bed in said gas producer, coking said coal by burnin 'a portion of the gas previously made in sai gas producer in xcontactwith said coal by, air preheated by the gas discharging from saidgas producer, whereb the fine slack coal iscause to form into erent lumps of coke and the fuel bed is kept in a condition permeable to the draft current, commingling with the gases from said coking operation, another portion of air and a sufiicient quantity of a gas reacting endothermically w1th incandescent carbon to reduce the tem erature in the lower portion ofsaid fuel be below theclinkering temperature of the ash of said coal, the said air and endothermically-reacting gas hav' been preheated by the sensible heat ofthe gas discharging from said producer, assin said commingled ases downward ou the fuel bed in sai gas producer, and wit drawingfrom said fue bed the gases resulting from the contacting of said commingled gases and the carbon of said fuel bed,- substantially as described,

charging from said as -producer, commin-" gl ng w th the gases om said coking opera- 4. The process of making gas in a downdraft gas producer, which consists in chargingsuccessive portlons of coal onto the. fuel bed in said gas producer, coking said coal by burning a portion of "the gas previous] made in said as producer in contact wit said coal by air preheated by the gas distion, another portion of air and a sufficient quantity of water vapor to reduce the temperature in the lower part of said fuel bed below the clinkering temperature of the ash of said coal, thesaid water vapor having been evaporated and the air and water preheatedflby the sensible heat ofthe producer gas dischar ing from said gas roducer, passing sai --currentof comming ed ases and vapors downward through the fue bed om said gas proof said gas producer, and withdrawing from the lower part of said fuel bed the gases resulting from the contact of said commingled gases with the incandescent coke of. said fuel bed, substantially as described.

D 5. The process of making gas whic 11 conslsts in continuously conducting the hot producer gas from a gas producer through the gas fiues of a recuperator, continuousl v passing air through the air, flues ofsaic'. recuperator, whereby a portion of the s :nsiblc heat of said producer gas is transfer red to said air, conducting a portion of the gas discharging from said recuperator to the upper part of the gasifyin chamber of said gas producer, and repea l charging portions of coal onto the fuel hed in said gas" producer, admixing with said heat ad air suflicient of a fluid reacting endothermica'lly with incandescent carbon to reduce the temperature in the lowerpart of the fuel bed in said gas producer below the clin kering tem erature of theash of the .fuel therein, con uctin said heated air and endothermic fluid to t e u per part of thegasifying chamber of sai gas producer where oy the sa1d portion of gas is burned therein in contact with the freshly producer by aportlon-of said heated air,

Whereb the volatile matter of said :oal is distille therefrom and burned, Eassin the remainder of saidtheated "'air, t e sai endothermic fluid and thetproducts of the combustion of said volatile matter downward through theflbed of incandescent fuel in'said gas producer and Withdrawing; from this lower part of said fuel bed the gases resu tin from the contact of said air, endothernnc fluid and products of coml ustion and the incandescent fuel, substantially as described.

charged coal in saidice 6. The process: of inaking gas which consists in continuously coiiducting the hot producer gas from-a gas producer throu gh the gas fines of a recuperator, evaporating wa terin the air flue's of'said recupera tor m sufiicient quantity to furnish'sufficientwater vapor to reduce the temperature of the fuel bed in said gas producer belcw the clinkering temperature of the ash )f. the fuel burned therein, passing air in :idmixture with the water vapor from said avaporation through the said air flues, wiereny themajor portion of the sensible heatof said producer gas is transferred to said air water-vapor-current, co'nductm a portion of the gas discharging from said. rec uperator tothe'upp'er portion of the gasifying chamber of said gas producer, repeatedly charging small portions of coal onto the fuel bed of said producer, conducti: 1g the heated current of air and water va or, to

the upper part of the gasifying chair. r of said gas producer, whereby, the said portipn of gas returned to the gasifying c amber of said gas producer is burned and each of said portions of coal is coked and itsvola-- tile matter distilled therefrom and burned by a portion of said air before the charging of another portion of coal, passin the. re-" mainder ,of said heated air, the said water" yapor-and' the products of the combustion in the u per part of said gas producer through e bed of incandescent coke in said. as producer, and withdrawing from the ower part of said fuel bed the ases re- I sulting from the contact of said air,- water mingled vs or' and combustion products with th co e, substantially as described.

"I. Therocess of makin gas in a downdraft pro ucer which consists in .re atedly charging slack coal onto the fuel be in said.

producer, coking said coal by burning a portion of the gas previously made in said producer in contact with said coal b air I preheated by the gas leaving said pro ucer,

commingling with the gases from said-cokin operation, another portion of air and a su cle'nt quantity of agas reacting endothermically with incandescent carbon to re-.-

V thecarbon of said fuel bed, substantially as described.-

I 8. The rocess of making gas in a down- 7 draft pro ucer, which consists, in charging coal onto the fuel bed in said producer, cok-' ing said coal by burning a ortion of the gas previously made in sai producer in contact with said coal by 'air preheated by the gas leaving said producer, whereby the fuel bed is kept in a condition easily permeable to draft current passing there- 'through, commingling with the gases from said cokin operation, another portion of air and su cient water vapor to reduce the temperature in thelower portion of said fuel bed below the clinkering temperature of the ash of said coal, the said water vapor having been evaporated and the air, and Water preheated by the sensible heat of the producer gas leaving said gas roducer; passing said current of comming edgases and vapors downward through the fuel bed of said producer and withdrawing from the lower part of said fuel bed the gasesresulting from the contacting of said commingled gases and the incandescent coke of said fuel bed, substantially as described.

, 9. The process of making gas which consists in continuously conducting the hot producer gas from a gas producer through the gas flues of a recuperator; continuousl} passing air through the air flues of said re cuperator, whereby a portion of the sensi -ble heat of said producer gas is transferrer to said air; conducting a portion of the gar leaving said recuperator.to the upper par of the gasifying chamber of said producer repeatedly charging slack coal in compare .tively small portions into said producer; ad

mixing with said heated air suificient of fluid reacting endothermically with incan descent carbon'tov reduce the temperatur in the lower part of the fuel bed in said ga producer below the clinkering temperatur of the ash of the fuel, therein; conductin; said heated air and endothermic fluid to th upper part of the gasifying chamber of sai producer, whereby, the said portion of ga therein is burned in contact with said coa] by a portion of said heated air, whereby th volatile matter of said coal is distiller therefrom; passing the remainder of sai heated air the said-endothermic fluid 8.111 thegases distilled from said coal downwar through. the bed of incandesent fuel in sair gas producer; and withdrawin from th ower part of the said fuel bed t e ases re sultin from the contacting of .t e sair heate air, the said endothermically react ing fluid, the gases from the combustion i the upper art of the gasifying chambei and the v0 atile matter ofsaid coal, wit the incandescent coke, substantially as d scribed.

10. The process of making gas, which con sists in continuously conducting the hc producer gas from a gas producer throng thegas flues of a recuperator; evaporatin water in the air flues of said recuperator i sufiicient quantity to furnish sufiiclent wate heat of said producer gas is transferred 1 said air-yater-vapor current; conducting portion of the gas leaving said recuperatc to the upper part of the gasifying chambe of said producer; charging coal onto th fuel bed of said roducer; conducting th heated current of air and water vapor t the upper part of the gasifying chamber said roducer; whereby, the said portion c gas t erein is burned in contact with sai coal b a ortion of said heated air, wherein the v0 atlle matter of said coal is distille therefrom; passing the remainder of sai heated air, the said water vapor, the gas from the burning of said portion ofga and the distillation gases from the co: downward through the bed of incandescer coke in said as producer; and withdraw- Signed at New York city in the nmty o f ing fi'om the ower part of said fuel bed, the New York and State of New York ihis 18th 10 gaseshresugsing irgtn the contacting of the day of June, A. D. 1909,

said eate an t e said water vapor the combustiongases formed in'the u per por- HENRY I H tion of the gasifying chamber, an the dis- Witnesses: tillatien gases from the coal, and the in- WILSON G. BERRYMAN, candescent coke,' substantially as described. Fm B. MULCOX. 

